رفيده أحمد عىض بسيىنى

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قسم جامعة دمنهىر كلية الزراعة وقاية النبات الخضر آفات بعض على دراسات المستخذمة لبعض المركبات وتقييم في مكافحتها رسالة مقدمة من رفيده أحمد عىض بسيىنى بكالوريوس العلوم الزراعية )قسن الحشرات

1 قسم جامعة دمنهىر كلية الزراعة وقاية النبات الخضر آفات بعض على دراسات المستخذمة لبعض المركبات وتقييم في مكافحتها رسالة مقدمة من رفيده أحمد عىض بسيىنى بكالوريوس العلوم الزراعية )قسن الحشرات اإلقتصادية( كلية الزراعة بكفر الشيخ جاهعة طنطا 3002 كجزء من المتطلبات للحصول على درجة الماجستير في العلوم الزراعية "الحشرات االقتصادية" قسم وقاية النبات كلية الزراعة جامعة دمنهىر 3003 SUPERVISORS COMMITTEE

2 Prof. Dr. Khalil Abd Allah Draz Professor of Economic Entomology, Plant protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University Prof. Dr. Mohammed Abd El-Kader Mansour Professor of Economic Entomology, Plant protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture,Damanhour University Prof. Dr. Samir El-Said Kasem first researcher of Economic Entomology, Plant protection institute. Agric., Res. Center, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh SUMMARY

3 Survey of insect pests and associated natural enemies: This study aimed to survey insect pests and natural enemies associated with four vegetable crops under separate titles On cabbage, Brassica oleracea var. Capitata L.: Results showed that there were eight of arthropod species, belonging to seven families and four orders, collected during the two seasons, 2007/08 and 2008/09. The most prevailing order was Homoptera with a rate of %, and the most dominant species were Brevicoryne brassicae, with a rate of %, followed by Myzus persicae, with rate of %. On the other hand, the least recorded species was Trichoplusia ni, with a rate of 0.01 %, and between them another five species ranged as follows, Bemisia tabaci, 2.93 %, Pieris rapae, 0.54 %, Diaeretiella rapae, with a rate of 7.59 %, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, 1.25 % and Pteromalus puparum, with a rate of 0.03 % On Cauliflower, Brassica oleracea var. Botrytis L. : Data showed that there were ten arthropod species belonging to nine families and five orders in cauliflower field. Order Homoptera was the most abundant order as 3909 individuals with a rate of % and represented by three species belonging to two families; (Aphididae and Aleyrodidae), the most dominant species were Brevicoryne brassicae (3821 individuals) with a rate of % and Myzus persicae (82 individuals) with a rate of 1.97% as a pre-dominant species. The second order was Hymenoptera as 206 individuals with a rate of 4.96 %.Such order was represented by three species belonging to three families, Diaeretiella rapae was the most dominant species with a rate of 4.51 %.

4 The third order was Lepidoptera with a rate of 0.59% which was represented by two families and two species, Pieris rapae (0.54 %) and Trichoplusia ni (0.05 %) On Cucumber, Cucumis sativus: Data revealed that there were 18 arthropod species (16 insect species and 2 arachnid species) belonging to 16 families and 9 orders in cucumber field. Order Homoptera was the most abundant order as 6650 at a rate of % and represented by six species belonging to five families, the most dominant species were Aphis gossypii, at a rate of % and Oliarus frontalis at a rate of 2.80 % as a pre-dominant species. The other four recorded species were Empoasca spp, 1.91 %, Bemisia tabaci, 1.57 %, Orosius sp, 1.04 %, Ciccada sp, 1.01 %. The second order was Thysanoptera % represented by only one species; Thrips tabaci, as 1438 individuals. Hymenoptera (6.42 %). The following five recorded orders were, or. Diptera 4.35 % represented by three species, Acari 0.52 % represented by one species Tetranychus sp, Coleoptera represented by three predatory species Scymnus sp., 0.19 %, Coccinella undecimpunctata, 0.13 % and Paederus alfierii, 0.12 %, Hemiptera 0.03 % and Or. Aranea 0.02 % On Cantaloupe, Cucumis melo: Results showed that 21 arthropod species, belonging to 19 families and 7 orders were recorded. It was found that order Homoptera was considered the dominant one in that category at a rate %, and the most presence species in it was Aphis gossypii, %, followed by Empoasca sp, 4.99 %, followed by Oliarus frontalis, 0.10 % and Ciccada sp, 1.01 %. On the other hand, Orosius sp, was the least in that category

5 and was represented by 0.10 %. The second one in descending order was Thysanoptera at a rate of % and represented by 2 species, Thrips tabaci, % and Haplothrips sp., 0.01 %. The third order was Hymenoptera (2.38 %) represented by 5 species the most dominant species was Camponotus sp. (1.96%). Order Hemiptera was the least in that category (0.03 %) represented by 2 species Orius sp., with a rate of 0.02 % and Murgantia sp, 0.01 %. The other three orders were Trombidiformes (0.83%), Diptera (0.78%) and Coleoptera 0.08 %. 2. Population fluctuations: 2.1 On winter crops, Cabbage and Cauliflower: Population fluctuations of Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, and the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and associated natural enemies: Data indicated that B. brassicae, appeared by the mid-nov. by 55 individuals, then, a high increase was occurred recording the first peak as 480 individuals in 19 th of Nov. the second and the highest peak occurred in the third of Dec. as 787 individuals. Then a dramatically decrease was obtained from the tenth of Dec. as 450 individuals till 22 nd Jan. to increase again in the end and mid of Jan. to record two small peaks as 54 and 14 individuals. Whereas, B. tabaci, showed four peaks the first occurred at the beginning of the season at 12 Nov. as 17 individuals, the second ond was in 26 Nov. as 39 individuals, the third was in 17 Dec. as 32 individuals, and the last peak occurred at the end of Jan. with leak numbers, 6 individuals.

6 On the other hand, A. aphidimyza, showed one peak in low numbers in the beginning of the cabbage season, while, D. rapae, showed two peaks, the first was in the mid of Dec. as 59 individuals and the second one was in 20 th Feb. as ten individuals. While, the population fluctuation of B. brassicae, and B. tabaci, and one associated parasitoid D. rapae and the predator A. aphidimyza during season 2008/2009 showed that the highest catch was found at three times declaring three peaks, the first of Dec. as 480 individuals, mid. of Jan. as 150 individuals and the first week of Feb. as 40 individuals. Also, B. tabaci recorded three peaks at the mid. of Nov. as 10 individuals, the first week of Dec. as 26 individuals, and at the last week of Dec. as 19 individuals. The same trend was happened with the parasite, D. rapae, with three peaks at 5/Dec. as 36 individuals, 19/ Dec. as 45 individuals and 17/Jan. as 50 individuals. Whereas, A aphidimyza had only one peak at the end of Nov. as 12 individuals. The Population fluctuations of Cabbage aphid, B. brassicae, and B. tabaci and two associated natural enemies in cauliflower field during season 2007/2008. Data reveled that Cabbage aphid had three peaks the first and the highest one was in the tenth of Dec. as 1235 individuals, the last one was in 20 th of Feb. as 22 individuals. While, B. tabaci showed four peaks, the first one occurred at 12 Nov. as six individuals, the fourth was occurred in the end of the season at 20 Feb. as four individuals. On the other side, D. rapae and A. aphidimyza were acted in low numbers recording two peaks for each one On summer crops, Cucumber and Cantaloupe:

7 Population fluctuations of melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover, and onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, and associated natural enemies: In the first season the melon aphid, A. gossypii, initiated its appearance in cucumber field during early season as 120 individuals decreasing in the next week to 103 individuals before increasing gradually in the next weeks to reach the maximum number recording a clear peak in 19 Jun. as 694 individuals. This number decreased again till the end of the season. The same trend was happened with onion thrips, T. tabaci that it appeared in the beginning of the season in low numbers as 41 individuals increasing in the next tow weeks to reach the maximum number in 4 Jun. as 413 individuals, then a dramatically decreased happened till the end of the season. Whereas, C. undecimpunctata appeared in low numbers throughout the season, the maximum numbers occurred in 27 May. as three individuals and in 19 Jun. C. undecimpunctata On the other side, A gossypii in the second season was recorded in high numbers as 3639 individuals, it appeared in the first of the season as 160 individuals. A progressive increase was occurred from 27 May. as189 individuals till 19 Jun. as 694 individuals recording a peak before decreasing again till the end of the season. The same happened with T. tabaci, it began in high numbers by the beginning of the season, decreased rapidly by the end of it. 3. Effect of climatic factors and associated natural enemies on the fluctuation of selected insect pests: 3.1. On cabbage and cauliflower:

8 The three climatic factors (Temperature, R.H and Wind Velocity) had negative influence on cabbage aphid in the first season and non significant correlation with mean temperature, and negative correlation with R.H and Wind Velocity in the second one. The brachonid wasp, D. rapae, had a highly significant correlation with B. brassicae in the second season while it showed non significant correlation in the first one. On the other hand, the same three climatic factors had negative influence on B. tabaci in the first season and negative significant correlation with mean temperature and non significant correlation with R.H and wind velocity in the second one. And the combined effect of percentage of explaned variance (E.V %) of the three factors on B. tabaci population was higher in the first season compared with the second one. Whereas, Diaeretiella rapae revealed a highly significant influence with B. brassicae, while all of mean R.H, mean wind velocity and the predator Aphidoletes aphidimyza had no significant influence with the cabbage aphid, while, the mean temperature showed negative correlation On cucumber and cantaloupe: In the first season there was non significant influence between Thrips tabaci and both of mean temperature and the predator C. undecimpunctata, and negative correlation with R.H., while there was a significant influence with the mean wind velocity. Furthermore, negative correlation between melon aphid, Aphis gossypii, and all parameters in the first season, whereas in the second season temperature, R.H. and wind velocity showed non significant correlation with the melon aphid, while, the predator, Coccinella undecimpunctata,

9 showed negative correlation with it. Significant influence was noticed between Thrips tabaci and mean wind velocity in the first season, while in the second one a negative correlation was recorded between the onion thrips, T. tabaci, and all of climatic factors and the predator, Orius sp. There were non significant influence between Aphis gossypii and both of temperature and mean wind velocity, and a negative correlation with mean R.H and Orius sp. in the first season. While in the second season non significant correlation between mean R.H. and mean wind velocity and negative influence with temperature were detected. 4. Parasitism efficiency of the Braconide wasp, Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh), on Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae, and the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer): Data indicated that the parasitism rate was detected in low numbers by the mid of Nov. as one individuals represented by 2.86 %. The percentage of parasitism increased by 26 Nov. to %. The percentage of parasitism continued its rising to reach % by 10 th of Dec., in other word, 225 aphid individuals were parasitized. At 17, 24 Dec. 1 and 8 Jan parasitism rate were 57.8 %, %, % and % respectively. The maximum number of parasitism was occurred in the last of the season by the mid of Jun. as 102 aphid mummy by parasitism rate %. Data of the Parasitism efficiency of D. rapae on the green peach aphid, M. persicae, indicated that the parasitism rate was low by

10 the beginning of season at 12 Nov. as %, such percentage increased in Nov. 19, recorded 10 mummy represented by %. The parasitism rate increased overall the season to reach the maximum rate at the end of the season in 15 Jan. as %. 5. Efficiency of selected insecticides against tomato, Solanum lycopersicum, insects and associated predators: 5.1. Cotton white fly B. tabaci: Data showed that the most efficient insecticide in reducing the population of B. tabaci adults was Actellic (89.71 %), the population reduction in the first day after treatment was %, reaching to % after ten days from the treatment. On the other hand, the least effective insecticide in that trend was Admire (77.80 %) as a percent of population reduction in the first day after treatment reaching to % in the tenth day after treatment. Data showed that the most efficient insectside against B. tabaci nymphs was Actellic, followed by Admire and Actara with values of reductions in populations of %, % and % respectively. Data also revealed that the reduction percentage in the second day was the highest to reach the least percentage in the tenth day of treatment Tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Meyric: Data indicated that the most efficient insecticide in reducing the population of T. absoluta was Admire. Such insecticide was the most effective (100 %) since the first day after treatment. The second efficient insecticide against T. absoluta was Actellic, the maximum level of

11 reduction in the tenth day after treatment was 100 % reduction. The least one in that category was Actara with a maximum level of reduction in the seventh day after treatment of % Tomato mirid bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter): Four successive sprays resulted in %, % and % overall reductions in population density of N. tenuis caused by Actara, Admire and Actellic respectively. Actellic was the most destructive one against predatory bug. Admire came in the second position, Actara was the least harmful one resulting in % reduction since it was the most effective one at the last day of treatment.

Vegetable Diagnostics 101: Insects and Diseases

Vegetable Diagnostics 101: Insects and Diseases The 2013 Educational Program Committee is pleased to share conference educational materials with you under the condition that they are used without alteration